Definitions and examples.

Folklore: The collection of fictional stories about animals and people, of cultural myths, songs, jokes, quotes... It get passes from generation to generation in any written or oral form. It may regulate the behavior of a society because it is the background history that defines it.
     Example:
Cuban folklore is everything related to the traditions and habits that this society has adopted during his history; like having coffe after having dinner or lunch. Also many musical genres are part of Cuban folklore, like Rumba, Conga and many others that represent the Cuban people around the world. Throwing the water inside a bucket the last day of the year is also an example of Cuban folklore

Foil: In literature this term is used to refer to a character that contrast with qualities or characteristics of another character, so we can highlight these qualities of the other character by comparing them to the foil.
    Example:
Dr Jeckill and Mr Hide is a book about an honorable doctor (Dr Jeckyll) that has a double (Mr Hide) who acts in many brutal and violent ways playing murders and hurting people; acting as a foil of Dr Jeckill, when actually they were the same person.

Hero: A man who performs or has performed any heroic act. He is admired by his noble qualities, courage, abilities or his braveness. In literature sometimes is the main character of a piece
    Example:
Super-man, Spider-man and any other man with special abilities or not that plays an important roll in saving people's lives

Hyperbole: Device used to emphasis on an idea by exaggerating it. Also used to stress on what we wan to say
     Example:
"I'm starving to death" phrase used to stress our hunger but it isn't actually saying that we are dying.

Dystopia: An imagery place or condition of life where everything is bad as it can be. There is a clear degradation of values.
   Example:
The described "hell" in many TV series like Supernatural or Charmed, where everything so bad that the characters go through an intense crisis inside thier heads.

Dichotomy: The division or subdivision of two opposite or contradictory parts or groups
    Example:
There is a dichotomy between Latin American cultures and European cultures, because they express themself in different ways. For example, Latin American cultures are known for the good handling of cloth, meanwhile the European once are known for their great paintings and magnifics sculptures.